Must, Have To, Should
A2Harus, dilarang & sebaiknya
Dipakai untuk aturan dan saran di kantor: must dan have to artinya harus, should artinya sebaiknya. Hati-hati, mustn't berarti dilarang, sedangkan don't have to cuma berarti tidak perlu.
Naik motor ke kantor, helm itu wajib: lupa pakai, kamu bisa ditilang. Itu must atau have to. Jaket cuma saran supaya tidak masuk angin, dan tidak ada yang menilangmu kalau lupa: itu should. Jadi kalau tidak ada pilihan lain, pakai must/have to; kalau cuma "lebih baik", pakai should.
Rumus Must, Have To, Should
| Bentuk | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Harus (kewajiban) | S + must / have to / has to + V1 | All visitors must sign in at reception.Semua tamu wajib mengisi buku tamu di resepsionis. |
| Dilarang | S + mustn't + V1 | You mustn't share your password.Kamu dilarang membagikan password-mu. |
| Tidak perlu | S + don't / doesn't have to + V1 | You don't have to wear a tie on Fridays.Kamu tidak perlu memakai dasi hari Jumat. |
| Sebaiknya (saran) | S + should / shouldn't + V1 | You should back up your files every week.Sebaiknya kamu mem-backup file-mu setiap minggu. |
| Kalimat tanya (?) | Do / Does + S + have to + V1? · Should + S + V1? | Do I have to sign this form?Apakah saya harus menandatangani formulir ini? |
| Lampau | S + had to + V1 | I had to work late yesterday.Kemarin saya harus lembur. |
Kapan dipakai?
Tiga kata ini menjawab pertanyaan "harus atau tidak?":
- must = harus. Dipakai untuk aturan resmi, tanda, dan dokumen, atau keharusan yang kamu rasakan sendiri: Visitors must sign in. I must remember to call the bank.
- have to / has to = harus, karena kewajiban dari luar (atasan, aturan, situasi). Inilah yang paling sering dipakai saat bicara: I have to finish this today.
- should = sebaiknya. Isinya saran atau pendapat, bukan kewajiban: You should take a break.
- All employees must complete the safety training.Semua karyawan wajib menyelesaikan pelatihan keselamatan.
- Rina has to send the invoice today.Rina harus mengirim invoice hari ini.
- You should talk to HR about it.Sebaiknya kamu bicarakan hal itu dengan HR.
Ragu pilih yang mana? Saat bicara, pakai saja have to, apalagi dengan orang Amerika. Must lebih sering muncul di aturan tertulis, tanda, dan dokumen resmi.
Cara membentuk: has to, had to, will have to
Must dan should adalah modal: bentuknya sama untuk semua subject dan langsung diikuti V1, tanpa to.
Have to bekerja seperti kata kerja biasa. Jadi has to untuk he/she/it, dan negatif/pertanyaannya memakai do / does / did.
Must tidak punya bentuk lampau, jadi untuk masa lalu pakai had to. Must juga tidak bisa digabung dengan will: pakai will have to, bukan will must.
| Bentuk | must | have to | should |
|---|---|---|---|
| Positif (he/she) | He must sign. | He has to sign. | He should sign. |
| Negatif | He mustn't sign. | He doesn't have to sign. | He shouldn't sign. |
| Pertanyaan | Must he sign? (jarang) | Does he have to sign? | Should he sign? |
Kesalahan umum: I must to leave at five today. → I must leave at five today.
Must dan should langsung disambung kata kerja. Yang memakai to cuma have to (dan ought to).
Jebakan: mustn't ≠ don't have to
Bentuknya mirip, tapi artinya berbeda total:
- mustn't = dilarang. Tidak boleh dilakukan.
- don't have to = tidak perlu. Mau dilakukan boleh, tidak juga boleh.
Di bahasa Indonesia keduanya sering diterjemahkan "tidak harus", jadi cek dulu maksudmu: dilarang atau tidak perlu?
Mustn't lebih sering dipakai di British English. Orang Amerika lebih sering bilang can't, atau menulis must not di aturan resmi.
Ambil contoh Casual Friday di kantor. Hari Jumat kamu tidak perlu pakai dasi (you don't have to wear a tie), tapi kalau mau tetap rapi, silakan. Sandal jepit ke rapat klien lain cerita, itu dilarang: you mustn't wear flip-flops. Jadi don't have to masih memberimu pilihan, sedangkan mustn't menutupnya.
| Kalimat | Artinya |
|---|---|
| You mustn't use your phone in the lab. | Dilarang memakai HP di lab. |
| You don't have to come on Saturday. | Tidak perlu datang hari Sabtu (tapi boleh). |
| Guests mustn't park in the staff area. | Tamu dilarang parkir di area karyawan. |
| Interns don't have to join the board meeting. | Anak magang tidak wajib ikut rapat direksi. |
Kesalahan umum: You mustn't come early tomorrow. The meeting starts at ten. → You don't have to come early tomorrow. The meeting starts at ten.
Rapatnya baru mulai jam sepuluh, jadi datang pagi itu tidak perlu, bukan dilarang. Yang pas don't have to.
Cek cepat: kalau bisa diganti "dilarang", pakai mustn't. Kalau bisa diganti "tidak perlu", pakai don't have to (atau don't need to).
Should, ought to & had better: memberi saran
should = sebaiknya, shouldn't = sebaiknya jangan. Nadanya lebih lembut daripada must, jadi lebih aman dipakai ke rekan kerja.
- ought to artinya sama dengan should, tapi lebih jarang dan agak formal: You ought to read the contract first.
- had better ('d better) juga berarti sebaiknya, tapi ada nada peringatan: kalau tidak, ada akibatnya. You'd better leave now, or you'll miss the train.
Untuk minta saran, tanya Should I…? atau What should I do?
- You should reply to the client today.Sebaiknya kamu membalas klien hari ini.
- We shouldn't schedule meetings on Friday afternoon.Sebaiknya kita tidak menjadwalkan rapat Jumat sore.
- Should I cc my manager on this email?Perlukah saya cc manajer saya di email ini?
Supaya saranmu tidak terkesan menggurui, tambahkan I think atau Maybe di depannya: I think you should call the client first.
Kesalahan khas orang Indonesia
Kata "harus" di bahasa kita tidak pernah berubah bentuk, jadi tiga kesalahan ini sering muncul:
- Menambah to setelah must/should: You must to come ✗ → You must come ✓
- Lupa has to untuk he/she/it: He have to ✗ → He has to ✓
- Memakai must untuk masa lalu: Yesterday I must work late ✗ → Yesterday I had to work late ✓
Kesalahan umum: Yesterday I must stay late at the office. → Yesterday I had to stay late at the office.
Ada yesterday, padahal must tidak punya bentuk lampau. Kewajiban di masa lalu pakai had to.
Ingat!
- must / have to = harus, wajib (ingat helm tadi). should = sebaiknya, cuma saran.
- mustn't = dilarang. don't have to = tidak perlu.
- He/she/it pakai has to. Negatif dan pertanyaannya pakai doesn't / does, lalu kembali ke have.
- Tidak ada to setelah must dan should. Untuk masa lalu, pakai had to.
Contoh soal Must, Have To, Should dan pembahasannya
1. All employees ___ wear their ID cards in the office.
- must to
- must
- has to
- musts
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: must
All employees itu banyak orang, jadi has to tidak cocok. Must dipakai untuk semua subject dan langsung diikuti kata kerja, tanpa to atau -s.
2. "Dilarang merokok di dalam gedung." You ___ smoke inside the building.
- don't have to
- doesn't have to
- mustn't
- should
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: mustn't
"Dilarang" berarti tidak ada pilihan sama sekali, jadi mustn't. Don't have to cuma berarti tidak perlu.
3. "Kamu tidak perlu datang besok — rapatnya dibatalkan." You ___ come tomorrow. The meeting is cancelled.
- don't have to
- mustn't
- must
- should
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: don't have to
Rapatnya batal, jadi datang besok tidak perlu, bukan dilarang. Pakai don't have to, karena mustn't malah berarti kamu dilarang datang.
4. Pilih kalimat yang benar.
- She doesn't has to come to the meeting.
- She don't have to come to the meeting.
- She mustn't to come to the meeting.
- She doesn't have to come to the meeting.
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: She doesn't have to come to the meeting.
Untuk she, negatifnya doesn't have to, dan setelah doesn't kata kerjanya kembali polos: have, bukan has. Mustn't to salah karena must tidak memakai to.
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