Present Perfect Continuous
B2Sudah (lama) sedang… sampai sekarang
Dipakai untuk kegiatan yang mulai di masa lalu dan masih berlangsung, atau baru saja berhenti. Yang disorot adalah lamanya atau prosesnya. Rumusnya have/has been + V-ing.
Lihat layar HP saat kamu menelepon klien lewat WA: angka durasinya terus naik, 05:12, 05:13, dan seterusnya. Teleponnya mulai tadi, masih berjalan sekarang, dan angka itu menjawab "sudah berapa lama?". Present perfect continuous bekerja seperti timer itu: I've been talking to the client for five minutes. Kegiatannya mulai di masa lalu, masih berjalan, dan yang disorot lamanya.
Rumus Present Perfect Continuous
| Bentuk | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Kalimat positif (+) | S + have / has + been + V-ing | I've been waiting for twenty minutes.Saya sudah menunggu dua puluh menit. |
| Kalimat negatif (−) | S + haven't / hasn't + been + V-ing | She hasn't been sleeping well lately.Akhir-akhir ini dia kurang tidur nyenyak. |
| Kalimat tanya (?) | Have / Has + S + been + V-ing? | Have you been working late?Belakangan ini kamu sering lembur? |
| Kata tanya (Wh-) | How long + have / has + S + been + V-ing? | How long have you been learning English?Sudah berapa lama kamu belajar bahasa Inggris? |
| Jawaban singkat | Yes, S + have/has. · No, S + haven't/hasn't. | Yes, I have. · No, she hasn't.Ya. · Tidak. |
Kata kunci yang sering muncul: for two hours, since this morning, all day, all week, lately, recently, How long…?
Kapan dipakai?
Bentuk ini menyorot lamanya atau prosesnya sebuah kegiatan sampai sekarang:
- Durasi sampai sekarang, kegiatannya masih berjalan: We've been working on this project since March.
- Baru saja berhenti, bekasnya masih terlihat: Your eyes are red. Have you been looking at the screen all day?
- Kegiatan berulang belakangan ini: I've been leaving the office late lately.
- I've been waiting for twenty minutes.Saya sudah menunggu dua puluh menit.
- She has been calling you all morning.Dari pagi dia terus meneleponmu.
- Sorry about the mess. We have been moving the furniture.Maaf berantakan. Kami baru saja memindahkan perabot.
Cara membentuk: have/has been + V-ing
Rumusnya selalu tiga bagian: have/has + been + V-ing. Been tidak pernah berubah. Yang menyesuaikan dengan subject hanya have/has.
| Subject | Positif | Negatif | Tanya |
|---|---|---|---|
| I / you / we / they | have been working ('ve been) | haven't been working | Have … been working? |
| he / she / it | has been working ('s been) | hasn't been working | Has … been working? |
For untuk lamanya (for two hours), since untuk titik mulai (since this morning). Pertanyaan yang paling sering: How long have you been…?
Simple atau continuous: hasil atau proses?
Present perfect simple (have + V3) menyorot hasil atau jumlah yang sudah beres. Present perfect continuous (have been + V-ing) menyorot proses atau lamanya.
Bedanya seperti struk dan timer. Struk mencatat hasil dan jumlah: lima email sudah terkirim (I've written five emails). Timer mencatat lamanya kegiatan: dari pagi sampai sekarang (I've been writing emails all morning). Jadi How many? minta struk, How long? minta timer.
| Aspek | have + V3 | have been + V-ing |
|---|---|---|
| Fokus | hasil / jumlah selesai | proses / durasi |
| Pertanyaan | How many…? How much…? | How long…? |
| Contoh | I've written five emails. | I've been writing emails all morning. |
| Kata kerja keadaan | I've known her for years. | tidak dipakai |
Untuk live, work, dan study dengan for/since, dua bentuk ini sama-sama benar. Artinya pun hampir sama: I've lived / I've been living here for five years.
Kesalahan khas orang Indonesia
Dalam "Saya sudah menunggu sejak jam sembilan", kata kerjanya tidak berubah sama sekali. Di bahasa Inggris, kegiatan yang mulai di masa lalu dan masih berlangsung butuh present perfect (continuous):
- Present continuous + since/for: I am waiting since nine ✗ → I've been waiting since nine ✓.
- Simple present + for: I work here for three years ✗ → I've been working here for three years ✓.
- Lupa been: I have waiting ✗ → I have been waiting ✓.
Kesalahan umum: I am waiting for you since nine o'clock. → I've been waiting for you since nine o'clock.
Ada since, dan kamu masih menunggu sampai sekarang. Jadi pakai have been + V-ing, bukan am waiting.
Ingat!
- Rumus lengkap tiga bagian: have/has + been + V-ing.
- Sorotannya lamanya atau prosesnya sampai sekarang: How long…?, for, since, all day.
- Hasil atau jumlah (how many) pakai present perfect simple: I've written five emails.
- Kata kerja keadaan (know, like, own, believe) tidak dipakai dalam bentuk ini.
- I am waiting since nine ✗ → I've been waiting since nine.
Contoh soal Present Perfect Continuous dan pembahasannya
1. We ___ for the client for thirty minutes.
- are waiting
- have waiting
- have been waiting
- has been waiting
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: have been waiting
For thirty minutes dihitung sampai sekarang, dan kalian masih menunggu. We pakai have been waiting. Has hanya untuk he/she/it.
2. Pilih kalimat yang benar.
- I have known him for ten years.
- I have been knowing him for ten years.
- I am knowing him for ten years.
- I know him for ten years.
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: I have known him for ten years.
Know adalah kata kerja keadaan, jadi tidak diberi -ing. Untuk durasi sampai sekarang, pakai present perfect simple: have known.
3. I ___ five emails this morning, and I still have three more to write.
- have been writing
- am writing
- has written
- have written
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: have written
Ada jumlah yang sudah selesai (five emails), jadi pakai present perfect simple: have written. Bentuk continuous untuk lamanya, bukan jumlah.
4. — How long ___ Japanese? — For two years. I take a class every Saturday.
- are you learning
- have you been learning
- do you learn
- did you learn
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: have you been learning
Kelasnya masih jalan setiap Sabtu, dan pertanyaannya How long. Jadi have you been learning. Are you learning untuk durasi adalah kesalahan yang sering muncul.
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