The Tense Map: 12 Tenses at a Glance
B1Peta 12 tenses dalam satu halaman
Semua tense dalam satu halaman: tiga waktu (past, present, future) × empat aspek (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous). Untuk memilih, tanya kapan terjadinya dan apa yang mau disorot (fakta, sedang berlangsung, sudah selesai, atau lamanya).
Mirip pesan kopi di kedai dekat kantor: pilih ukuran (small, medium, large), lalu pilih level gula (tanpa gula, sedikit, normal, ekstra). Tiga ukuran kali empat level gula jadi 12 pilihan, padahal yang perlu kamu ingat cuma 7 hal. Tenses juga begitu: pilih waktu (past, present, future), lalu aspek (simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous). Jadi kamu tidak perlu menghafal 12 rumus terpisah.
Rumus The Tense Map: 12 Tenses at a Glance
| Bentuk | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Simple | V1(-s) · V2 · will + V1 | I work. · I worked. · I will work.Saya bekerja (rutin). · Saya bekerja (kemarin). · Saya akan bekerja. |
| Continuous | am/is/are + V-ing · was/were + V-ing · will be + V-ing | I'm working. · I was working. · I'll be working.Saya sedang bekerja. · Saya sedang bekerja (saat itu). · Saya sedang bekerja (nanti, pada jam itu). |
| Perfect | have/has + V3 · had + V3 · will have + V3 | I've worked. · I had worked. · I'll have worked.Saya sudah bekerja. · Saya sudah bekerja (sebelum saat itu). · Nanti saya sudah bekerja (sebelum batas waktu). |
| Perfect continuous | have/has been + V-ing · had been + V-ing · will have been + V-ing | I've been working. · I had been working. · I'll have been working.Saya sudah (lama) bekerja sampai sekarang. · … sampai saat itu. · … sampai nanti. |
| Negatif & tanya | kata bantu + not · kata bantu + S + …? | I don't work. · Are you working? · Have you worked? · Will you work?Saya tidak bekerja. · Kamu sedang bekerja? · Kamu sudah bekerja? · Kamu akan bekerja? |
Kata kunci yang sering muncul: every day, now, yesterday, when / while, ever / already / yet, for / since, by the time, tomorrow, by next week
Peta 12 tenses
Semua tense dibangun dari dua pilihan: waktu (past / present / future) dan aspek (simple / continuous / perfect / perfect continuous). Untuk urusan kantor sehari-hari, lima ini yang paling sering dipakai: simple present, present continuous, present perfect, simple past, dan future (will / going to).
| Tense | Rumus | Contoh | Kata kunci |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple present | S + V1(-s) | She works in Jakarta. | every day, usually |
| Present continuous | S + am/is/are + V-ing | She is working from home today. | now, today, this week |
| Present perfect | S + have/has + V3 | She has worked here for two years. | ever, already, yet, for, since |
| Present perfect continuous | S + have/has been + V-ing | She has been waiting since nine. | for, since, all day, how long |
| Simple past | S + V2 | She worked late yesterday. | yesterday, last week, ago |
| Past continuous | S + was/were + V-ing | She was working when I called. | when, while, at that time |
| Past perfect | S + had + V3 | She had left when I arrived. | before, by the time, already |
| Past perfect continuous | S + had been + V-ing | She had been working for hours when I called. | for, since, before |
| Simple future | S + will + V1 | She will call you back. | tomorrow, next week, I think |
| Future continuous | S + will be + V-ing | She will be flying to Bali at noon. | at this time tomorrow |
| Future perfect | S + will have + V3 | She will have finished by Friday. | by Friday, by then |
| Future perfect continuous | S + will have been + V-ing | By May, she will have been working here for ten years. | for … by … |
Be going to tidak masuk hitungan 12 tenses di atas, tapi sangat sering dipakai untuk rencana: She is going to apply.
Logika aspek: arti tiap "keluarga"
Pahami arti empat aspek ini, dan 12 tenses langsung terasa lebih ringan. Kamu cukup mengganti titik waktunya: sekarang, saat itu di masa lalu, atau nanti di masa depan.
- Simple: fakta, kebiasaan, kejadian utuh. I work · I worked · I will work
- Continuous (be + V-ing): sedang berlangsung, belum selesai, sementara.
- Perfect (have + V3): sudah terjadi sebelum titik waktu itu, dan hasilnya penting.
- Perfect continuous (have been + V-ing): lamanya kegiatan sampai titik waktu itu.
Tiap aspek bisa kamu ingat lewat satu benda sehari-hari. Continuous itu status ojol "sedang menuju lokasimu", perfect itu struk yang masih di dompet, perfect continuous itu timer durasi telepon. Simple adalah pilihan dasar, seperti jadwal KRL: fakta atau kejadian utuh. Untuk kemarin, sekarang, atau nanti, bendanya tetap sama: yang berganti hanya kata bantunya.
- I'm writing the report.Saya sedang menulis laporannya. (sekarang)
- I had written the report before the meeting.Saya sudah menulis laporannya sebelum rapat. (sebelum titik waktu lampau)
- By Friday, I will have written the report.Paling lambat hari Jumat, laporannya sudah saya tulis. (sebelum titik waktu masa depan)
Kapan pakai yang mana?
Jawab tiga pertanyaan ini secara berurutan:
- 1. Kapan? Masa lalu, sekarang, atau masa depan?
- 2. Sedang berlangsung? Kalau ya, pakai continuous (be + V-ing).
- 3. Ada hubungan dengan titik waktu lain (sebelum atau sampai)? Kalau ya, pakai perfect (have + V3), atau perfect continuous kalau yang disorot lamanya.
Kalau semua jawabannya "tidak", pakai simple. Tabel ini merangkum situasi kerja yang paling sering:
| Kalau kamu ingin bilang… | Pakai | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| kebiasaan / fakta | simple present | I check my email every morning. |
| sedang terjadi sekarang | present continuous | I'm checking the figures now. |
| pengalaman / hasil tanpa waktu | present perfect | I've checked all the invoices. |
| durasi sampai sekarang | present perfect continuous | I've been checking invoices all morning. |
| kejadian selesai + waktu jelas | simple past | I checked them yesterday. |
| kejadian sebelum kejadian lampau lain | past perfect | I had checked them before the audit. |
| rencana / prediksi dengan bukti | be going to | I'm going to check them tomorrow. |
| keputusan saat itu / janji | will | I'll check them now. |
Kesalahan khas orang Indonesia
Bahasa Indonesia tidak punya tense. Waktu cukup ditunjukkan dengan kata seperti sudah, sedang, akan, kemarin, sedangkan bahasa Inggris mengubah bentuk kata kerjanya. Tiga kesalahan ini yang paling sering:
- V1 untuk semua waktu: Yesterday I go to the client ✗ → went ✓.
- "Sudah" selalu present perfect: I have sent it yesterday ✗ → I sent it yesterday ✓.
- Mencampur kata bantu: I am go, Did you went ✗ → I go, Did you go ✓.
Kesalahan umum: I am already finish the report yesterday. → I finished the report yesterday.
Ada yesterday, jadi cukup simple past (V2): finished. Am tidak perlu, karena sudah ada kata kerjanya.
Cek cepat: kata bantu menentukan bentuk kata kerja sesudahnya. do/does/did/will + V1 · am/is/are/was/were + V-ing · have/has/had + V3.
Ingat!
- 12 tenses = 3 waktu (past / present / future) × 4 aspek (simple / continuous / perfect / perfect continuous).
- be + V-ing = sedang · have + V3 = sudah (sebelum titik waktu) · have been + V-ing = lamanya sampai titik waktu.
- Kata bantu menentukan bentuk berikutnya: do/did/will + V1 · be + V-ing · have + V3.
- Bingung memilih? Tanya: kapan? sedang berlangsung? ada hubungan dengan titik waktu lain?
- Prioritas untuk kerja: simple present, present continuous, present perfect, simple past, will / going to.
Contoh soal The Tense Map: 12 Tenses at a Glance dan pembahasannya
1. Our office ___ at eight every day.
- opens
- is opening
- open
- has opened
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: opens
Every day menunjukkan jadwal rutin, jadi simple present. Our office = it, maka opens.
2. Shh! The director ___ a speech.
- gives
- is giving
- gave
- has given
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: is giving
Shh! berarti pidatonya sedang berlangsung sekarang. Jadi present continuous: is giving.
3. Pilih kalimat yang benar.
- I am working here since 2020.
- I work here since 2020.
- I was working here since 2020.
- I have been working here since 2020.
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: I have been working here since 2020.
Mulai 2020 dan masih bekerja sampai sekarang, jadi butuh present perfect: have been working. Am working dan work tidak bisa dipakai dengan since.
4. By the time the client ___, we will have prepared everything.
- arrives
- will arrive
- arrived
- is arrive
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: arrives
Setelah by the time, untuk masa depan pakai simple present: arrives. Kalimat utamanya sudah membawa masa depan lewat will have prepared.
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Buka latihan di aplikasiMateri terkait
- Simple PresentKebiasaan, fakta & jadwal
- Present Perfect vs Simple Past"Have done" atau "did"?
- Past PerfectMasa lalu sebelum masa lalu
- Future: will, be going to, Present ContinuousCara membicarakan masa depan
← Future Continuous & Future Perfect · Future in the Past (was going to, would) →