Passive Voice
B1Kalimat pasif (di-…)
Pakai pasif kalau yang penting hasilnya, bukan siapa pelakunya, misalnya di laporan, SOP, dan email resmi. Rumusnya selalu to be + V3, dan yang berubah mengikuti tense hanya to be-nya.
Kayak rekaman CCTV kantor yang diarahkan ke meja, bukan ke pintu. Di layar kamu lihat laptopnya hilang, tapi wajah pencurinya tidak tertangkap kamera. Laporannya pun fokus ke barang: The laptop was stolen. Kalimat pasif bekerja seperti kamera itu: yang kena tindakan jadi subject, dan pelakunya boleh tidak disebut, atau ditaruh di belakang dengan by.
Rumus Passive Voice
| Bentuk | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| Kalimat positif (+) | S + to be + V3 (+ by + pelaku) | The report is checked by the finance team.Laporan itu dicek oleh tim keuangan. |
| Kalimat negatif (−) | S + to be + not + V3 | The invoice wasn't paid last month.Tagihannya tidak dibayar bulan lalu. |
| Kalimat tanya (?) | To be + S + V3? | Was the contract signed yesterday?Apakah kontraknya ditandatangani kemarin? |
| Kata tanya (Wh-) | Kata tanya + to be + S + V3? | Where are the old files stored?File-file lama disimpan di mana? |
| Present perfect | S + have / has + been + V3 | Your request has been approved.Permintaan Anda sudah disetujui. |
| Will & modal | S + will / can / must / should + be + V3 | The order will be delivered on Monday.Pesanannya akan dikirim hari Senin. |
Kata kunci yang sering muncul: by …, has been approved, will be delivered, is attached, is required, It is said that…
Aktif vs pasif: kapan dipakai?
Rina sent the invoice bercerita tentang Rina. The invoice was sent bercerita tentang invoice-nya. Itulah beda aktif (fokus ke pelaku) dan pasif (fokus ke benda atau hasilnya).
Pakai pasif kalau:
- Pelakunya tidak penting atau tidak diketahui: My laptop was stolen.
- Menjelaskan proses atau prosedur: The data is collected and then checked.
- Menulis laporan atau email resmi: The meeting has been postponed.
- Tidak mau menyalahkan orang: A mistake was made in the calculation. Kesalahannya diakui, tapi tidak ada nama yang ditunjuk.
- The new office was opened in 2023.Kantor baru itu dibuka tahun 2023.
- All visitors are asked to sign in at reception.Semua tamu diminta mengisi daftar hadir di resepsionis.
- Your package has been shipped.Paket Anda sudah dikirim.
Rumusnya selalu sama: to be + V3
Di semua tense, yang berubah hanya to be. Bentuknya mengikuti tense dan subject barunya, sedangkan V3-nya tetap.
Subject baru itu diambil dari objek kalimat aktif: They clean the office jadi The office is cleaned.
Anggap V3 itu gerbong kereta yang tidak bisa jalan sendiri. Lokomotif penariknya adalah to be, dan lokomotif inilah yang berganti mengikuti waktu: is cleaned, was cleaned, has been cleaned, will be cleaned. Gerbongnya tetap cleaned. Jadi kalau tense-nya berubah, cukup ganti to be-nya, dan jangan sampai lokomotifnya tertinggal.
| Tense | Aktif | Pasif |
|---|---|---|
| Simple present | They clean the office every day. | The office is cleaned every day. |
| Present continuous | They are fixing the AC. | The AC is being fixed. |
| Simple past | They sent the files yesterday. | The files were sent yesterday. |
| Present perfect | They have approved the budget. | The budget has been approved. |
| Future (will) | They will deliver the order. | The order will be delivered. |
| Modal | You must sign the form. | The form must be signed. |
Cek cepat sebelum kirim laporan: ada to be dan V3? Kalau to be-nya hilang, kalimatnya belum lengkap: The email sent yesterday ✗ → The email was sent yesterday ✓.
Kapan pakai "by"? Dan "It is said that…"
Tambahkan by + pelaku hanya kalau pelakunya penting atau jadi informasi baru. Kalau tidak, buang saja.
- The app was developed by a team in Bandung. (Pelakunya justru beritanya.)
- The app was launched in 2022. (Siapa yang meluncurkan tidak penting.)
Di berita dan laporan ada juga pasif "katanya": It is said / reported / expected that + kalimat. Pola formal ini dipakai untuk info yang belum pasti atau berasal dari banyak orang.
| Pola | Contoh | Arti |
|---|---|---|
| It is said that… | It is said that the CEO will retire. | Katanya CEO akan pensiun. |
| It is expected that… | It is expected that sales will rise. | Penjualan diperkirakan naik. |
| It is reported that… | It is reported that the factory has closed. | Dilaporkan bahwa pabrik itu sudah tutup. |
Kesalahan umum: The meeting was cancelled by someone. → The meeting was cancelled.
By someone, by people, atau by them tidak menambah informasi, jadi buang saja. Ejaan Amerikanya canceled, dengan satu l.
Kesalahan khas orang Indonesia
Bahasa Indonesia cukup memakai awalan di-, satu bagian saja. Bahasa Inggris butuh dua bagian, jadi salah satunya sering ketinggalan:
- Lupa to be: The email sent yesterday ✗ → The email was sent yesterday ✓.
- Bukan V3: The meeting was postpone ✗ → was postponed ✓. My phone was stole ✗ → was stolen ✓.
- Kata kerja tanpa objek dipasifkan: happen, occur, arrive, die tidak bisa pasif. The accident was happened ✗ → The accident happened ✓.
Kesalahan umum: The problem was happened last night. → The problem happened last night.
Kata "terjadi" memang terasa seperti bentuk pasif, tapi happen tidak punya objek, jadi tidak bisa dipasifkan. Cukup happened.
Pasif cocok untuk laporan, tapi jangan dipakai di semua kalimat. Ke rekan kerja, kalimat aktif lebih jelas dan lebih hangat: I sent the file jauh lebih enak dibaca daripada The file was sent by me.
Ingat!
- Pasif = to be + V3. Ganti to be-nya sesuai tense, V3-nya tetap (ingat lokomotif dan gerbong).
- Pakai pasif kalau yang penting hasilnya, bukan pelakunya, seperti CCTV yang menyorot barangnya.
- Sebut by + pelaku hanya kalau pelakunya penting.
- Will dan modal: will/can/must + be + V3. Present perfect: has/have been + V3.
- Happen, occur, arrive tidak bisa pasif: was happened ✗.
Contoh soal Passive Voice dan pembahasannya
1. The office ___ every evening.
- is cleaned
- cleans
- is cleaning
- cleaned
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: is cleaned
Kantor tidak membersihkan dirinya sendiri, jadi kalimatnya pasif. Ini rutinitas, maka simple present: is cleaned. Is cleaning berarti kantornya yang sedang membersihkan.
2. Good news! Your leave request ___ approved, so you can start your holiday on Monday.
- has
- is being
- has been
- have been
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: has been
Kamu sudah bisa mulai libur hari Senin, artinya persetujuannya sudah ada sekarang. Itu present perfect pasif: has been + V3. Your leave request tunggal, jadi has, bukan have.
3. Pilih kalimat pasif yang benar.
- The email sent to all staff yesterday.
- The email was send to all staff yesterday.
- The email is sent to all staff yesterday.
- The email was sent to all staff yesterday.
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: The email was sent to all staff yesterday.
Ada yesterday, jadi to be-nya was, bukan is. V3 dari send adalah sent. Pilihan pertama juga salah karena to be-nya hilang.
4. Pilih kalimat yang benar.
- The accident was happened near the toll gate.
- The accident happened near the toll gate.
- The accident was happen near the toll gate.
- The accident has been happened near the toll gate.
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: The accident happened near the toll gate.
Happen tidak punya objek, jadi tidak bisa dipasifkan. Cukup happened, tanpa was atau has been.
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