Participle Clauses
C1Memadatkan kalimat dengan -ing, V3, having + V3
Participle clause memadatkan dua kalimat jadi satu, dan sering muncul di laporan, email resmi, serta profil perusahaan. Aturan utamanya: pelaku yang disembunyikan harus sama dengan subject kalimat utama, supaya tidak jadi dangling participle.
Pernah kirim chat singkat seperti "Sudah sampai kantor, langsung rapat"? Pelakunya tidak ditulis, tapi semua orang paham: yang sampai dan yang rapat sama-sama kamu. Participle clause bekerja begitu: Arriving at the office, I joined the meeting. Jadi pelaku kedua bagian harus sama, kalau tidak pembaca salah sangka: Arriving at the office, the meeting started seolah rapatnya yang datang.
Rumus Participle Clauses
| Bentuk | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| V-ing: ketika / bersamaan | V-ing …, S + V … | Arriving at the airport, she called the client.Setibanya di bandara, dia menelepon klien. |
| V-ing: alasan | (Not) + V-ing …, S + V … | Not knowing the address, he called the receptionist.Karena tidak tahu alamatnya, dia menelepon resepsionis. |
| V3: makna pasif | V3 …, S + V … | Written in simple English, the guide is easy to follow.Karena ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris sederhana, panduannya mudah diikuti. |
| Having + V3: terjadi lebih dulu | Having + V3 …, S + V … | Having finished the report, she sent it to her manager.Setelah menyelesaikan laporannya, dia mengirimkannya ke manajernya. |
| Pengganti relative clause | N + V-ing … / N + V3 … | Employees working on Saturdays get extra pay.Karyawan yang bekerja hari Sabtu mendapat bayaran tambahan. |
| Setelah kata sambung | After / Before / While / When + V-ing, S + V | Before leaving the office, please turn off the AC.Sebelum meninggalkan kantor, tolong matikan AC. |
Apa itu participle clause?
Participle clause adalah anak kalimat tanpa subject dan tanpa kata bantu. Ia dimulai dengan V-ing, V3, atau having + V3. Hasilnya, kalimat jadi lebih padat dan formal, pas untuk laporan, email resmi, dan slide presentasi.
Artinya bisa "karena", "ketika/sambil", "setelah", atau "yang". Konteks yang menentukan.
| Kalimat biasa | Participle clause | Makna |
|---|---|---|
| Because she felt sick, she went home early. | Feeling sick, she went home early. | karena |
| When I arrived at the airport, I called the client. | Arriving at the airport, I called the client. | ketika |
| After he had checked the data, he sent the report. | Having checked the data, he sent the report. | setelah |
| The products which are made in Bandung are cheaper. | The products made in Bandung are cheaper. | yang (pasif) |
Bentuk ini lebih sering muncul di tulisan daripada obrolan. Di chat atau ngobrol santai, kalimat biasa dengan because, when, after tetap yang paling umum.
Tiga bentuk: V-ing, V3, having + V3
Pilih bentuknya berdasarkan makna:
- V-ing = aktif, biasanya bersamaan atau sebagai alasan: Seeing the long queue, we decided to order online.
- V3 = pasif, subject-nya dikenai tindakan: Founded in 2010, the company now has 500 employees.
- Having + V3 = aktif, terjadi lebih dulu sebelum tindakan utama: Having signed the contract, the client paid the deposit.
Untuk negatif, taruh not di depan: Not having received the invoice, we could not pay.
Anggap V-ing itu awalan me- dan V3 itu awalan di-. Dia merasa lelah, jadi Feeling tired; laporan itu ditulis tahun 2020, jadi Written in 2020. Kalau tindakannya selesai lebih dulu ("setelah memeriksa"), pakai Having checked. Jadi bayangkan versi Indonesianya dulu, lalu lihat awalannya.
| Bentuk | Makna | Contoh |
|---|---|---|
| V-ing | aktif · bersamaan / alasan | Working late, she missed the last train. |
| V3 | pasif | Delayed by the rain, the shipment arrived on Monday. |
| Having + V3 | aktif · terjadi lebih dulu | Having read the brief, the team started designing. |
| Having been + V3 | pasif · terjadi lebih dulu | Having been approved, the budget was released. |
Kesalahan umum: Writing in 2020, the report is now out of date. → Written in 2020, the report is now out of date.
Laporannya ditulis, bukan menulis. Maknanya pasif, jadi pakai V3: written.
Aturan subject sama & dangling participle
Aturan terpenting: pelaku yang tersembunyi di participle clause harus sama dengan subject kalimat utama. Kalau beda, artinya jadi lucu. Kesalahan ini disebut dangling participle.
- Walking into the office, the AC was very cold. ✗ (seolah AC-nya yang berjalan masuk)
- Walking into the office, I noticed that the AC was very cold. ✓
Cara mengeceknya: tanya "siapa yang melakukan V-ing ini?" Jawabannya harus subject kalimat utama.
- Having reviewed your CV, we would like to invite you to an interview.Setelah meninjau CV Anda, kami ingin mengundang Anda wawancara. (yang meninjau = we)
- Located in South Jakarta, our office is close to the MRT.Terletak di Jakarta Selatan, kantor kami dekat dengan MRT. (yang terletak = our office)
Kesalahan umum: Having finished the meeting, the room was cleaned. → Having finished the meeting, we cleaned the room.
Ruangan tidak bisa menyelesaikan rapat. Yang menyelesaikannya we, jadi we harus jadi subject kalimat utama.
Kesalahan khas orang Indonesia
Empat kesalahan ini paling sering muncul:
- Salah bentuk. V-ing dipakai untuk makna pasif: Locating near the station, the hotel… ✗ → Located near the station ✓
- Menerjemahkan "karena capek" langsung. Because tired, she went home ✗ → Feeling tired, she went home ✓ atau Because she was tired, … ✓
- Having + V2. Having went to the bank ✗ → Having gone to the bank ✓
- Subject berbeda. Arriving late, the meeting had already started ✗ → Arriving late, I found that the meeting had already started ✓
Tidak perlu memaksa. Kalau subject-nya memang berbeda, pakai saja kalimat biasa dengan because, after, when.
Kesalahan umum: Locating near the station, the hotel is popular with business guests. → Located near the station, the hotel is popular with business guests.
Hotelnya terletak di dekat stasiun, bukan meletakkan sesuatu. Maknanya pasif, jadi pakai V3: located.
Di profil perusahaan atau slide pembuka, participle clause membuat kalimat pertama lebih ringkas: Founded in 2015, Kirana Foods now exports to six countries.
Ingat!
- Participle clause = anak kalimat tanpa subject: V-ing (aktif, seperti me-), V3 (pasif, seperti di-), having + V3 (terjadi lebih dulu).
- Pelaku yang tersembunyi harus sama dengan subject kalimat utama, seperti chat "Sudah sampai, langsung rapat".
- Subject berbeda = dangling participle. Kalau begitu, pakai kalimat biasa saja.
- Negatif: Not + V-ing / Not having + V3.
- Paling cocok untuk tulisan formal. Di chat santai tidak wajib.
Contoh soal Participle Clauses dan pembahasannya
1. ___ in 1998, the company now has offices in five cities.
- Founding
- Having founded
- Founded
- Found
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: Founded
Perusahaan itu didirikan, jadi maknanya pasif dan pakai V3: Founded. Having founded justru berarti perusahaannya yang mendirikan sesuatu.
2. ___ the address, he called the receptionist.
- Not knowing
- Not known
- Don't knowing
- Knowing not
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: Not knowing
Maknanya alasan: "karena tidak tahu alamatnya". Bentuk negatifnya Not + V-ing: Not knowing.
3. Pilih kalimat yang benar.
- Walking into the office, the AC was very cold.
- Walked into the office, I noticed the cold AC.
- Walking into the office, the cold AC surprised.
- Walking into the office, I noticed that the AC was very cold.
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: Walking into the office, I noticed that the AC was very cold.
Yang berjalan masuk ke kantor adalah orang, jadi subject kalimat utama harus I. Walked juga salah, karena maknanya aktif: harus Walking.
4. Gabungkan dengan benar: "The contract was signed. Then the project started."
- Having signed the contract, the project started.
- After the contract was signed, the project started.
- Signing the contract, the project started.
- Signed the contract, the project started.
Lihat jawaban
Jawaban: After the contract was signed, the project started.
Yang menandatangani kontrak bukan the project, jadi participle clause akan menggantung (dangling). Pilihan yang aman adalah kalimat biasa: After the contract was signed, …
Latihan langsung, gratis
Kerjakan 10 soal latihan Participle Clauses dengan pembahasan, plus game Benar atau Salah. Tanpa daftar, bisa offline.
Buka latihan di aplikasiMateri terkait
- Relative Clauses: who, which, that, whereKata "yang", "tempat", dan "yang …-nya"
- Passive VoiceKalimat pasif (di-…)
- Gerund vs To-InfinitiveKapan V-ing, kapan to + V1
- Formal vs Informal RegisterMemilih nada: chat, email, laporan
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